select sno,count(*) from grades

where mark<60

group by sno

having count(*)>1

6.UNION联合

合并查询结果，如：

SELECT * FROM students

WHERE name like ‘张%’

UNION [ALL]

SELECT * FROM students

WHERE name like ‘李%’

7.多表查询

a.内连接

select g.sno,s.name,c.coursename

from grades g JOIN students s ON g.sno=s.sno

JOIN courses c ON g.cno=c.cno

(注意可以引用别名)

b.外连接

b1.左连接

select courses.cno,max(coursename),count(sno)

from courses LEFT JOIN grades ON courses.cno=grades.cno

group by courses.cno

左连接特点：显示全部左边表中的所有项目，即使其中有些项中的数据未填写完全。

左外连接返回那些存在于左表而右表中却没有的行，再加上内连接的行。

b2.右连接

与左连接类似

b3.全连接

select sno,name,major

from students FULL JOIN majors ON students.mno=majors.mno

两边表中的内容全部显示

c.自身连接

select c1.cno,c1.coursename,c1.pno,c2.coursename

from courses c1,courses c2 where c1.pno=c2.cno

采用别名解决问题。

d.交叉连接

select lastname+firstname from lastname CROSS JOIN firstanme

相当于做笛卡儿积

8.嵌套查询

a.用关键字IN,如查询李山的同乡：

select * from students

where native in (select native from students where name=’ 李山’)

b.使用关键字EXIST,比如，下面两句是等价的：

select * from students

where sno in (select sno from grades where cno=’B2’)

select * from students where exists

(select * from grades where

grades.sno=students.sno AND cno=’B2’)

9.关于排序order

a.对于排序order，有两种方法：asc升序和desc降序

b.对于排序order,可以按照查询条件中的某项排列，而且这项可用数字表示，如：

select sno,count(*) ,avg(mark) from grades group by sno having avg(mark)>85 order by 3